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  • 我國(guó)貨車(chē)輕量化任重而道遠(yuǎn)

    近年來(lái),世界各國(guó)都在想辦法減少能源消耗和溫室氣體、廢氣排放,尤其是以歐美為主的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家都已制定并發(fā)布了限定時(shí)間內(nèi)的油耗政策。比如對(duì)于乘人轎車(chē),美國(guó)規(guī)定到2025年,油耗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)需達(dá)到4.5L/(100km);歐盟的法規(guī)更為嚴(yán)格,到2020年,法定油耗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)須小于4L/(100km)。我國(guó)暫未出臺(tái)相關(guān)的法規(guī),但隨著國(guó)家對(duì)商用車(chē)節(jié)能減排及超載治理措施不斷升級(jí),汽車(chē)的輕量化已是必然趨勢(shì)。而從全球的趨勢(shì)看,汽車(chē)輕量化的最熱門(mén)途徑就是全鋁化。它是在保證安全可靠的條件下,凡是可用鋁合金制造的零部件都用鋁合金來(lái)打造。

      2017年,國(guó)內(nèi)保有重型卡車(chē)已超過(guò)380萬(wàn)輛,廂式貨車(chē)約4200萬(wàn)輛,如此龐大的數(shù)量所排放尾氣成為大氣污染的主源泉,而資源消耗和環(huán)境污染已成為全球性問(wèn)題,全社會(huì)都在盯著與關(guān)注汽車(chē)的節(jié)能減排。汽車(chē)的節(jié)能減排無(wú)非是從三方面下手:減輕自身質(zhì)量,提高發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)效率,改進(jìn)車(chē)身結(jié)構(gòu)。

       這幾個(gè)方面中,減輕車(chē)輛自重?zé)o疑是降低油耗、提高運(yùn)輸效益的最佳途徑,鋁合金的低密度(<2.8g/cm3)使它成為絕佳的替代材料。一輛鋁材半掛車(chē)的自重可比全鋼制造的輕3.5t,這意味著在每次運(yùn)營(yíng)中可以多拉3.5t物資,跑空車(chē)時(shí)也會(huì)節(jié)省相應(yīng)數(shù)量的油料,并有利于車(chē)的運(yùn)行與減少磨損。數(shù)據(jù)表明,提取1kg原鋁約需13.5kwh電,但在汽車(chē)制造中每使用1kg鋁材可以代替鋼材約1.7kg,在車(chē)的使用周期內(nèi)節(jié)約1kg材料可節(jié)約燃油0.7kg,相當(dāng)于節(jié)電約800kwh,減少CO2排放約1800kg。201709211514166397.jpg

       據(jù)物流公司的統(tǒng)計(jì),一般掛車(chē)一年跑15萬(wàn)km左右。如此算來(lái)僅在一年時(shí)間內(nèi),一輛鋁合金掛車(chē)由于自重輕可節(jié)約15萬(wàn)元~18萬(wàn)元的成本,盡管購(gòu)買(mǎi)費(fèi)用比鋼半掛車(chē)約高40%,但一年半以后就可以收回本金。2017年,日本和歐美等國(guó)貨運(yùn)車(chē)(半掛車(chē)、廂式封閉車(chē)、特種貨運(yùn)車(chē))的鋁化率已達(dá)75%~83%,如果中國(guó)的鋁化率能達(dá)到50%,就可以多運(yùn)貨物約1200萬(wàn)t,減少燃油消耗約650萬(wàn)t,減少溫室氣體排放2000萬(wàn)t,而且根據(jù)歐美國(guó)家的數(shù)據(jù),鋁合金罐的運(yùn)營(yíng)周期約17.5年,而不銹鋼車(chē)的僅15年左右,普通鋼的僅8年左右,鋁合金車(chē)到期報(bào)廢后,廢鋁的價(jià)值可達(dá)原鋁的85%,回收的能耗也僅相當(dāng)于原鋁提取能耗的5%,這些指標(biāo)均比鋼車(chē)的好得多。

      2009年10月中集車(chē)輛集團(tuán)在美國(guó)鋁業(yè)公司的技術(shù)指導(dǎo)下研制生產(chǎn)的中國(guó)首批全鋁油罐車(chē)在北京和濟(jì)南進(jìn)行路試。與傳統(tǒng)的不銹鋼車(chē)相比,罐的質(zhì)量減輕30%,從而相應(yīng)地增加了有效載荷,提高燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性和減少了溫室氣體排放。第一批全鋁油罐車(chē)用的板材是美鋁渤海鋁業(yè)公司產(chǎn)的,緊固件是美鋁緊固件系統(tǒng)蘇州有限公司的,車(chē)輪是美鋁設(shè)克費(fèi)姆鍛造廠生產(chǎn)的。

      2009年12月15日,山東龍口叢林集團(tuán)與東風(fēng)汽車(chē)有限公司合作研制的型號(hào)為金霸E33-621全鋁半掛車(chē)廂成功下線,車(chē)廂質(zhì)量252kg,比同樣規(guī)格的鋼制車(chē)廂輕178kg,減輕41.4%,節(jié)油率大于6%。他們的研制成功對(duì)提升中國(guó)鋁加工業(yè)深加工能力和技術(shù)水平,推動(dòng)汽車(chē)工業(yè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步,縮小與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的差距和提高自主品牌汽車(chē)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和創(chuàng)新力都具有一定的意義。“鋁行者”是山東叢林集團(tuán)歷時(shí)3年多研制的鋁合金輕量化掛車(chē),2014年8月叢林集團(tuán)50輛“鋁行者”上路。它的凈質(zhì)量比鋼掛車(chē)輕30%以上,節(jié)油20%以上,每輛車(chē)可節(jié)油20t/年,按2018年的柴油價(jià)計(jì)算,節(jié)油收益可達(dá)15萬(wàn)元/年,2年就可以收回購(gòu)車(chē)多付的支出。 

      2009年12月,中國(guó)重汽集團(tuán)專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)有限公司研發(fā)的QDZ3310ZH46W型鋁合金輕量化自卸車(chē)成功下線,并已通過(guò)山東省自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)科技成果鑒定。該車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)箱體長(zhǎng)8.2m,有效容積33.9m3,上裝質(zhì)量<3.8t,可廣泛應(yīng)用于煤炭、糧食等散裝貨物的運(yùn)輸。  

      福建省閩鋁輕量化汽車(chē)制造有限公司生產(chǎn)的15.22m鋁合金廂式車(chē)于2017年9月1日正式交付用戶——中通快遞。該輕量化汽車(chē)制造有限公司是南平鋁業(yè)股份有限公司和南平實(shí)業(yè)集團(tuán)有限公司的合資企業(yè),制造廂式車(chē)用的鋁材是南平鋁業(yè)股份有限公司專(zhuān)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的,所制造的車(chē)廂與市場(chǎng)上同類(lèi)型的車(chē)廂相比具有如下特點(diǎn):車(chē)廂整體采用了工藝更先進(jìn)、性能更高的鋁合金型材,具有高的結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度及防漲箱能力,更優(yōu)的側(cè)墻拼接結(jié)構(gòu),更加可靠的密封性能;采用了加強(qiáng)型前墻板,因而在制動(dòng)情況下,具有很強(qiáng)的抗沖擊能力。該公司投資2.5億元建設(shè)的柔性智能化生產(chǎn)線已于2018年4月投產(chǎn),形成1000臺(tái)/年鋁合金車(chē)廂和物流車(chē)生產(chǎn)能力,工業(yè)產(chǎn)值超過(guò)10億元/年。15.22m鋁合金廂式車(chē)廂的整體質(zhì)量?jī)H2990kg。

      南平鋁業(yè)股份有限公司輕量化集成事業(yè)部于2016年6月推出研制的電動(dòng)車(chē)全鋁車(chē)廂,采用優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)與公司生產(chǎn)的高精鋁型材,4月下旬完成首臺(tái)電動(dòng)全鋁車(chē)廂骨架拼裝,5月初試線車(chē)廂整體組裝,并進(jìn)行車(chē)廂與車(chē)身的整車(chē)拼接,5月中旬完成全部接接與制作工作,首臺(tái)樣車(chē)順利交付用戶,進(jìn)行路跑實(shí)況測(cè)試。2016年12月,該公司與南平延新物流公司共同研制成功了福建省首臺(tái)綠色低碳車(chē)成功下線,這種7.7m全鋁物流車(chē)有諸多技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)亮點(diǎn),車(chē)廂總重約1.5t,比鋼車(chē)廂輕25%以上,油耗可降低(2~3)L/100km,運(yùn)輸成本可節(jié)省(35~45)元/100km,按全年運(yùn)營(yíng)15萬(wàn)km計(jì)算,一年可節(jié)省運(yùn)輸成本6萬(wàn)元以上,一年節(jié)約的運(yùn)輸成本足以補(bǔ)償采購(gòu)全鋁車(chē)廂多付出的費(fèi)用。  

      三星明航專(zhuān)汽是山東三星集團(tuán)旗下的子公司,專(zhuān)業(yè)生產(chǎn)各種全鋁化掛車(chē)、罐車(chē),起步于2014年,現(xiàn)已成為全國(guó)鋁合金掛車(chē)最大生產(chǎn)企業(yè)之一。2015年,該公司在原有機(jī)械制造基礎(chǔ)上,投資近2億元,購(gòu)置了先進(jìn)的激光數(shù)控切割機(jī)、數(shù)控機(jī)床、自動(dòng)機(jī)械中焊機(jī)、數(shù)控剪板機(jī)等加工設(shè)備,實(shí)現(xiàn)了規(guī)模化、精準(zhǔn)化、自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn),全鋁化掛車(chē)生產(chǎn)能力達(dá)到10000臺(tái)/年。該公司除了生產(chǎn)鋁罐車(chē)外,還自發(fā)研制了兩軸、三軸式掛車(chē)、倉(cāng)柵運(yùn)輸半掛車(chē)以及平板式運(yùn)輸車(chē)等多種款式和噸位的全鋁掛車(chē)。在全鋁掛車(chē)中,除了車(chē)橋、牽引部位、減震系統(tǒng)、輪胎、制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)之外,其余部位與系統(tǒng)都是用中強(qiáng)、抗蝕的高韌性鋁合金制造的。所用的鋁合金材料是集團(tuán)旗下的裕航鋁業(yè)有限公司生產(chǎn)。

        2015年1月15日,湖南晟通集團(tuán)旗下的天力汽車(chē)有限公司研發(fā)的兩款三軸廂式半掛車(chē)CSH9400XXY和CSH9402XXY獲交通部認(rèn)可,取得中國(guó)認(rèn)證3C證書(shū),并列入“公路甩掛運(yùn)輸推薦車(chē)型(第三版)”評(píng)定目錄。這兩款全鋁承載廂式半掛車(chē)基本技術(shù)參數(shù):車(chē)身長(zhǎng)14.6m,車(chē)身高4.0m,車(chē)身寬2.55m,整車(chē)質(zhì)量6.7t,額定載量33.3t。 該公司的鋁合金油罐車(chē)很快就成功進(jìn)入中東市場(chǎng),僅一年的時(shí)間已在中東銷(xiāo)售300多輛。眾所周知,罐體焊縫數(shù)量對(duì)罐體的整體強(qiáng)度、防泄漏功能有很大影響。天力公司生產(chǎn)的罐車(chē)采用高強(qiáng)度、高韌性的鋁合金板材焊制,筒體無(wú)對(duì)接焊縫,同時(shí),大梁、副車(chē)架、護(hù)肩等都是用擠壓整體型材制造的,強(qiáng)度高、質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定、無(wú)脆性,并通過(guò)“危險(xiǎn)品公路運(yùn)輸歐洲協(xié)議(ADR)”的認(rèn)證。2015年該公司賣(mài)到中東的一輛鋁合金罐車(chē)在行駛時(shí)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重交通事故,罐體雖撞得極度變形,但沒(méi)有開(kāi)裂,油未泄漏,沒(méi)有起火,沒(méi)有焊炸,避免了更為嚴(yán)重的二次事故,從此,天力公司的油罐車(chē)名聲大振。

      忠旺集團(tuán)建在遼寧營(yíng)口規(guī)劃20km2的鋁材加工及深加工基地內(nèi)的鋁合金專(zhuān)用車(chē)輛(油罐車(chē)、液化氣罐車(chē)、消防車(chē)、郵遞車(chē)、快遞車(chē)、環(huán)保車(chē)等等)生產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目一期已于2017年11月投產(chǎn),項(xiàng)目總投資60億元,分兩期建設(shè),一期投資30億元,專(zhuān)用車(chē)產(chǎn)量5萬(wàn)輛,全部建成后銷(xiāo)售收入可達(dá)100億元,是中國(guó)最大的鋁合金專(zhuān)用車(chē)生產(chǎn)基地。目前,這類(lèi)環(huán)保車(chē)的平均售價(jià)約20萬(wàn)元/輛,每輛車(chē)的凈質(zhì)量約比鋼車(chē)的輕6t,每次可多拉貨物6t,所用鋁材都是忠旺集團(tuán)自產(chǎn)的。

      2018年中國(guó)貨運(yùn)車(chē)鋁化率不到10%,與國(guó)外發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的70%~83%相差甚遠(yuǎn)。全鋁化車(chē)廂有著巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)與環(huán)保效益,日本歐美等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家也為此做出了很好的榜樣,那為什么國(guó)內(nèi)仍然發(fā)展緩慢呢?原因可能有以下幾點(diǎn):

    一、人們對(duì)全鋁半掛車(chē)與廂式貨運(yùn)車(chē)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),它們的節(jié)能環(huán)保效果認(rèn)識(shí)還不足,有待加強(qiáng)。

    二、全鋁貨運(yùn)車(chē)與半掛車(chē)是不允許超載的,必須按設(shè)計(jì)額定裝運(yùn)量裝貨。而鋼制車(chē)有巨大的超載能力,可超載一倍甚至更多,這存在著很大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,使人忽略了超載的安全隱患。

    三、在節(jié)能減排方面的立法還有待加強(qiáng),運(yùn)輸行業(yè)充斥著種種違規(guī)超載的鋼制半掛車(chē),對(duì)超載車(chē)違規(guī)處置力度不夠,公路運(yùn)輸秩序有待進(jìn)一步規(guī)范;

    四、目前國(guó)家對(duì)輕量化鋁合金貨運(yùn)車(chē)重視程度不夠,不像歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家那樣大力引導(dǎo)市場(chǎng)接受鋁制貨運(yùn)車(chē)。

    五、未出臺(tái)強(qiáng)制法規(guī),如果像歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家那樣規(guī)定貨車(chē)限期達(dá)到燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性,就可以倒逼用戶大幅度降低車(chē)體自重。

    由此可見(jiàn),在汽車(chē)輕量化的過(guò)程中,國(guó)家的政策影響非常大。但不管從哪個(gè)方面看,這都是不可阻擋的趨勢(shì),讓我們拭目以待吧。

    下一篇:鋁擠壓型材的特性
    上一篇:選擇哪種LED汽車(chē)大燈散熱的效果更好
    主站蜘蛛池模板: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 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